Olive Pomace Extract Contains Low Molecular Weight Peptides and Possesses ACE Inhibitory Activity.

The aim of the present study was to determine the ACE inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of olive pomace and to understand whether they represent a good source of bioactive LMW peptides for nutritional and pharmacological applications. We produced a water extract from olive pomace (var. Picual) and obtained its low molecular weight (LMW) fraction (<3 kDa). The calculated yield of extraction was 100.2 ± 7.9 mg of LMW peptides per 100 g of olive pomace. The olive pomace LMW fraction possessed strong ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 3.57 ± 0.22 µg prot/mL). The LMW fraction (<3 kDa) was analysed by nanoscale liquid chromatography-Orbitrap coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and de novo sequencing. Thirty new peptides, containing between 7-17 amino acids and molecular masses ranging 778-1354 Da, were identified by the Peaks database algorithm using the available Olea europaea (cv. Farga) genome database. Ten new peptides were also identified by Peaks de novo sequencing. The protein sources of twelve peptides detected in the database by Peaks DB were identified by BLAST search. The ACE inhibitory activity of the identified peptides was predicted by BIOPEP software. We conclude that olive pomace possesses ACE inhibitory activity and contains low molecular weight peptides with (predicted) biological activity. Olive pomace may represent a good source of peptides for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. In our study, it has been shown that olive pomace possesses ACE inhibitory activity and contains low molecular weight peptides with (predicted) biological activity. Olive pomace may represent a good source of peptides for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. More research is needed in order to identify the in vivo effects of olive pomace bioactive peptides.

Estimation of in vivo body composition of Iberian pigs using bioelectric impedance and ultrasonography techniques.

Iberian pigs are renowned for their high-quality products and distinctive characteristics, including high fat accumulation, low protein deposition rate, and a long productive cycle. The study aimed to assess in vivo body composition of purebred Iberian pigs using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and ultrasonography. Accurate estimation of body composition in live animals is crucial for adopting decisions at the farm level. The experiment involved three groups of pure male Iberian pigs differing in body weight (BW; 60, 80 and 100 kg) with the same nutritional management. Body measurements, BIA and back fat and loin thickness (measured by ultrasonography) were obtained before slaughter. After slaughter pig carcasses were chemically analysed. A strong correlation between BIA measurements, specifically resistance (Rs) values, and body chemical parameters (total protein, lipids, ash, and water contents; p < 0.001 for all) was found. Reactance values (Xc), however, did not exhibit significant correlations. Regression analyses were conducted to predict carcass composition based on BIA measurements, BW, ultrasonography and linear corporal measurements. The prediction models achieved high R2 values for lipids, protein, total ash, water, and lean tissue (0.957, 0.968, 0.936, 0.961 and 0.976, respectively, p < 0.001 for all), indicating strong predictive power. These findings demonstrate the potential of non-invasive techniques such as BIA for estimating body chemical composition and quality of pig carcasses. However, it is important to acknowledge that the prediction models developed may not be applicable to other pig populations, as they were based on a specific sample of pigs.

A Review of Disparities and Unmet Newborn Screening Needs over 33 Years in a Cohort of Mexican Patients with Inborn Errors of Intermediary Metabolism.

Advances in an early diagnosis by expanded newborn screening (NBS) have been achieved mainly in developed countries, while populations of middle- and low-income countries have poor access, leading to disparities. Expanded NBS in Mexico is not mandatory. Herein, we present an overview of the differences and unmet NBS needs of a group of Mexican patients with inborn errors of intermediary metabolism (IEiM), emphasizing the odyssey experienced to reach a diagnosis. We conducted a retrospective observational study of a historical cohort of patients with IEiM from a national reference center. A total of 924 patients with IEiM were included. Although 72.5% of the diseases identified are detectable by expanded NBS, only 35.4% of the patients were screened. The mortality in the unscreened group was almost two-fold higher than that in the screened group. Patients experienced a median diagnostic delay of 4 months, which is unacceptably long considering that to prevent disability and death, these disorders must be treated in the first days of life. Patients had to travel long distances to our reference center, contributing to their unacceptable diagnostic odyssey. This study highlights the urgent need to have an updated, expanded NBS program with adequate follow up in Mexico and promote the creation of regional medical care centers. We also provide compelling evidence that could prove valuable to decision makers overseeing public health initiatives for individuals impacted by IEiM from middle- and low-income countries.

Metabolic Profile of Growing Immune- and Surgically Castrated Iberian Pigs Fed Diets of Different Amino Acid Concentration.

The purpose of the current study was to further characterize the performance and nitrogen retention differences previously observed between immunocastrated (IC) and surgically castrated (SC) pure Iberian pigs. Fifty-four pigs were used (three sexes: IC males, IC females and SC males), fed three isoenergetic diets (160, 140 and 120 g CP/kg DM; six pigs/treatment combination) from 40 kg BW until slaughter (105 kg BW). Plasmatic post-absorptive metabolites and hormones, and backfat tissue composition were determined. The IC males showed a trend towards higher plasmatic creatinine (p = 0.06) and IGF-1 concentrations than SC males and IC females (p < 0.001). SC males showed a higher predisposition to carcass fatness and insulin resistance compared to IC males. Plasmatic isoleucine concentration was higher in IC and SC males compared to IC females (p < 0.01), and valine was greater in IC males compared to the rest of the pigs (p < 0.001). Total branched-chain amino acids (AA) were greater in IC males than in IC females (p < 0.01). Total plasmatic essential AA concentrations tended to be greater in IC males (p = 0.09). The present results support the increased performance and nitrogen retention capacity previously observed in IC male Iberian pigs compared to SC males and IC females, which can be attributed to increased anabolic capacity related with lean growth in Iberian IC males.

Muscle quality traits and oxidative status of Iberian pigs supplemented with zinc and betaine under heat stress.

The study analyzed the effect of supplemental zinc and betaine on meat quality and redox status of muscles (longissimus lumborum and gluteus medius) from heat- stressed pigs. Twenty-four pure Iberian pigs were assigned to one of three treatments (n = 8): control diet, Zn supplemented diet (120 mg/kg) and betaine supplemented diet (5 g/kg) that were all exposed to 30 °C during 28 days. No significant differences were observed in chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the muscles. The Zn diet improved the water retention capacity of longissimus, increased the antioxidant properties (ABTS and FRAP) and the glutathione peroxidase activity, and reduced the level of MDA. No significant effects associated to the betaine diet were observed in quality traits and antioxidant markers of muscles. These findings suggest that Zn supplementation may be used as a nutritional strategy to improve the antioxidant properties of meat of Iberian pigs subjected to heat stress conditions.

Macrophage Activation Syndrome as a Complication of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Case Report.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) presents with granuloma formation and lethal infections. It is inherited in an autosomal or X-linked recessive pattern. We describe a 10-month-old patient with a fatal secondary HLH as a CGD primary manifestation. We carried out an autopsy and found noncaseating granulomas, an aspergilloma in the lung, and hemophagocytosis. We performed a DHR assay on the patient's mother and grandmother, showing a bimodal pattern conclusive of X-linked CGD. Thus, our definitive diagnosis was CGD complicated by macrophage activation syndrome. CGD is caused by phagocytes' inability to control pathogens, resulting in granulomas. Secondary HLH is a severe complication and could be characterized by the proliferation of macrophages and T lymphocytes and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The early suspicion of this presentation helps establish a specific treatment, and the study of the carriers helps determine the etiology.

Update on breastfeeding in newborns with inborn errors of intermediary metabolism.

Inborn errors of intermediary metabolism (IEiM) are a group of monogenic disorders that affect a metabolic pathway of proteins, carbohidrates, or lipids; when not treated timely, IEiM are associated with high morbidity and mortality. To date, nutritional therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with IEiM, which aims to prevent the accumulation of toxic metabolites by restricting the substrates involved in the affected pathway. Nutritional management in infants includes a metabolic formula free of the nutrients involved in IEiM and breastmilk or infant formula. Because of its amino acid profile, the content of essential fatty acids, and protection against disease, breast milk is an excellent food for patients with IEiM. This literature review on breastfeeding in some IEiM aims to serve as a guide for health care personnel involved in the medical care of these patients. Breastfeeding can be successfully carried out in patients with IEiM as long as there is a close and continuous follow-up, preferably in specialized centers. The nutrition professional and the pediatrician should individualize the recommendations to provide on-demand breastfeeding in conjunction with metabolic formula or quantified breastfeeding to achieve a good clinical evolution in this group of patients.

Los errores innatos del metabolismo intermediario (EIMi) son un grupo de enfermedades monogénicas que afectan alguna vía del metabolismo de las proteínas, los hidratos de carbono o los lípidos; cuando no son tratados a tiempo, se asocian con una elevada morbimortalidad. A la fecha, la piedra angular del tratamiento de los EIMi ha sido la terapia nutricional, cuyo propósito es evitar la acumulación de metabolitos tóxicos al restringir los sustratos que están involucrados en la vía afectada. El manejo nutricional en lactantes incluye una fórmula metabólica sin los nutrimentos involucrados en el EIMi más el aporte de alimentación al seno materno o fórmula infantil. Por el perfil de aminoácidos, la proporción de ácidos grasos esenciales y la protección contra enfermedades, la leche materna resulta un alimento ideal para los pacientes con EIMi. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura sobre la lactancia materna en algunos EIMi es servir de guía para el personal de salud involucrado en la atención médica de estos pacientes. La lactancia materna puede ser llevada a cabo de forma exitosa en pacientes con EIMi siempre que exista un seguimiento estrecho y continuo, de preferencia en centros especializados. El profesional de la nutrición y el pediatra deben individualizar las recomendaciones para proporcionar una lactancia a libre demanda en conjunto con una fórmula metabólica o una lactancia materna cuantificada, y con ello lograr una adecuada evolución en estos pacientes.

Actualización sobre la lactancia materna en los recién nacidos con errores innatos del metabolismo intermediario / Update on breastfeeding in newborns with inborn errors of intermediary metabolism

Resumen Los errores innatos del metabolismo intermediario (EIMi) son un grupo de enfermedades monogénicas que afectan alguna vía del metabolismo de las proteínas, los hidratos de carbono o los lípidos; cuando no son tratados a tiempo, se asocian con una elevada morbimortalidad. A la fecha, la piedra angular del tratamiento de los EIMi ha sido la terapia nutricional, cuyo propósito es evitar la acumulación de metabolitos tóxicos al restringir los sustratos que están involucrados en la vía afectada. El manejo nutricional en lactantes incluye una fórmula metabólica sin los nutrimentos involucrados en el EIMi más el aporte de alimentación al seno materno o fórmula infantil. Por el perfil de aminoácidos, la proporción de ácidos grasos esenciales y la protección contra enfermedades, la leche materna resulta un alimento ideal para los pacientes con EIMi. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura sobre la lactancia materna en algunos EIMi es servir de guía para el personal de salud involucrado en la atención médica de estos pacientes. La lactancia materna puede ser llevada a cabo de forma exitosa en pacientes con EIMi siempre que exista un seguimiento estrecho y continuo, de preferencia en centros especializados. El profesional de la nutrición y el pediatra deben individualizar las recomendaciones para proporcionar una lactancia a libre demanda en conjunto con una fórmula metabólica o una lactancia materna cuantificada, y con ello lograr una adecuada evolución en estos pacientes.

Abstract Inborn errors of intermediary metabolism (IEiM) are a group of monogenic disorders that affect a metabolic pathway of proteins, carbohidrates, or lipids; when not treated timely, IEiM are associated with high morbidity and mortality. To date, nutritional therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with IEiM, which aims to prevent the accumulation of toxic metabolites by restricting the substrates involved in the affected pathway. Nutritional management in infants includes a metabolic formula free of the nutrients involved in IEiM and breastmilk or infant formula. Because of its amino acid profile, the content of essential fatty acids, and protection against disease, breast milk is an excellent food for patients with IEiM. This literature review on breastfeeding in some IEiM aims to serve as a guide for health care personnel involved in the medical care of these patients. Breastfeeding can be successfully carried out in patients with IEiM as long as there is a close and continuous follow-up, preferably in specialized centers. The nutrition professional and the pediatrician should individualize the recommendations to provide on-demand breastfeeding in conjunction with metabolic formula or quantified breastfeeding to achieve a good clinical evolution in this group of patients.

Exposure of growing Iberian pigs to heat stress and effects of dietary betaine and zinc on heat tolerance.

The effects of heat stress and dietary betaine and zinc on growth, weight of organs and plasma biochemistry in growing Iberian pigs are of special importance. Forty Iberian barrows (43.8 kg BW) were assigned to five treatments for 28-d: 1.-thermoneutral (20 °C)-ad libitum fed a control diet (TN-CON); 2.-heat stress (30 °C)-ad libitum fed a control diet (HS-CON); 3.-thermoneutral-pair-fed a control diet (TN-CON-PF) on the basis of intake of HS-CON; 4.-heat stress-ad libitum fed a betaine-supplemented diet (HS-BET); 5.-heat stress-ad libitum fed a zinc-supplemented diet (HS-ZN). Heat stress increased rectal temperature and decreased feed intake. As a result, weight gain under TN-CON was greater than under heat stress or TN-CON-PF. Temperature did not affect gain to feed ratio. Heat stress decreased empty BW, kidneys and spleen weights, and tended to decrease total viscera weight compared to thermoneutral counterparts fed ad libitum, but when organ weight was related to empty BW, only spleen tended to decrease. At identical intake, heat stress tended to decrease heart weight. Betaine and zinc had no effect on organs weight under heat stress. Heat stress decreased albumin and the homeostasis model assessment index for estimating ß-cell function (HOMA-%B), increased glucose, and tended to increase urea compared with the TN pair-fed group. Betaine and zinc decreased plasma glucose under heat stress and increased HOMA-%B suggesting improved ß-cell function. Insulin, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, homeostasis model assessment index for estimating insulin resistance percentage and the rest of biochemical parameters were not affected by treatments. Decreased intake explained the consistent negative effects on performance of pigs after long-term heat stress. Furthermore, it elicited a glucose sparing effect without affecting insulin concentration and increased protein catabolism. Betaine or zinc supplementation did not prevent the negative effect of heat stress on growth performance of Iberian pigs.

Impact of Heat Stress on Meat Quality and Antioxidant Markers in Iberian Pigs.

Heat stress is associated with impaired meat quality and disruption of redox balance. This study investigated the effect of chronic exposure to high temperature on meat quality and antioxidant markers of muscles (longissimus lumborum and gluteus medius) of growing Iberian pigs. Twenty-four pure Iberian pigs were allocated during 28 days to one of three treatments (n = 8/treatment): thermoneutral conditions (20 °C) and ad libitum feeding (TN), heat stress conditions (30 °C) and ad libitum feeding (HS) and thermoneutral and pair-fed with HS (TN-pf). Muscles of the HS group had greater intramuscular fat content than the TN-pf group and higher Zn levels than TN and TN-pf, whereas differences on fatty acid composition were negligible. Heat exposure did not affect pH, color coordinates of redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) and MDA values but had a positive influence on lightness and drip losses. Moreover, chronic heat stress stimulated the activity of antioxidant defenses SOD, CAT and GPx. The statistical factor analysis adequately classified the muscles studied, but was unable to differentiate samples according with treatments. Findings of the present study support an adaptive response of the Iberian pig to high temperatures and show the high Iberian meat quality even under adverse climate situations.

An Updated PAH Mutational Spectrum of Phenylketonuria in Mexican Patients Attending a Single Center: Biochemical, Clinical-Genotyping Correlations.

Establishing the genotypes of patients with hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA)/phenylketonuria (PKU, MIM#261600) has been considered a cornerstone for rational medical management. However, knowledge of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH) mutational spectrum in Latin American populations is still limited. Herein, we aim to update the mutational PAH spectrum in the largest cohort of HPA/PKU Mexican patients (N = 124) reported to date. The biallelic PAH genotype was investigated by Sanger automated sequencing, and genotypes were correlated with documented biochemical phenotypes and theoretical tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) responsiveness. Patients were biochemically classified as having classic PKU (50%, 62/124), mild PKU (20.2%, 25/124) and mild HPA (29.8%, 37/124). Furthermore, 78.2% of the included patients (97/124) were identified by newborn screening. A total of 60 different pathogenic variants were identified, including three novel ones (c. 23del, c. 625_626insC and c. 1315 + 5_1315 + 6insGTGTAACAG), the main categories being missense changes (58%, 35/60) and those affecting the catalytic domain (56.6%, 34/60), and c. 60 + 5G > T was the most frequent variant (14.5%, 36/248) mainly restricted (69.2%) to patients from the central and western parts of Mexico. These 60 types of variants constituted 100 different biallelic PAH genotypes, with the predominance of compound-heterozygous ones (96/124, 77%). The expected BH4 responsiveness based on the PAH genotype was estimated in 52% of patients (65/124), mainly due to the p. (Val388Met) (rs62516101) allele. Instead, our study identified 27 null variants with an allelic phenotype value of zero, with a predominance of c. 60 + 5G > T, which predicts the absence of BH4 responsiveness. An identical genotype reported in BIOPKUdb was found in 92/124 (74%) of our patients, leading to a genotype-phenotype concordance in 80/92 (86.9%) of them. The high number of variants found confirms the heterogeneous and complex mutational landscape of HPA/PKU in Mexico.

Serum CGRP, VIP, and PACAP usefulness in migraine: a case-control study in chronic migraine patients in real clinical practice.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypetide-38 (PACAP-38) have relevant roles in migraine pathophysiology. Their serum levels have been proposed as biomarkers for migraine. Our aim was to assess their diagnostic value in real clinical practice in a cohort of chronic migraine (CM), episodic migraine (EM) and healthy controls (HC). We recruited subjects with CM, EM and HC at two medical centers. Blood samples were drawn under fasting conditions in the interictal period, immediately centrifuged and stored at - 80 ºC. Serum levels were determined by ELISA. Neuropeptide levels, the effect of preventatives, correlations with clinical and demographic variables, and their diagnostic value were studied among clinical categories. 296 age- and sex-matched subjects (101 CM, 98 EM and 97 HC) were included. All three neuropeptide serum levels were higher in CM [median and IQ for CGRP = 18.023 pg/ml (14.4-24.7); VIP = 121.732 pg/ml (48.72-186.72) and PACAP = 204.931 pg/ml (101.08-597.64)] vs EM [CGRP = 14.659 pg/ml (10.29-17.45); VIP = 75.603 pg/ml (28.722-107.10); and PACAP = 94.992 pg/ml (65.77-128.48)] and vs HC [CGRP = 13.988 pg/ml (10.095-17.87); VIP = 84.685 pg/ml (35.32-99.79), and PACAP = 103.142 pg/ml (59.42-123.97)]. Using multinomial modeling, only VIP (OR 1.011, 95% CI 1.003-1.018, p = 0.005) and PACAP (OR 1.003, 95% CI 1.001-1.005, p = 0.002) increased the risk for CM, but not for EM. CGRP did not predict CM or EM. This model could correctly classify only 62/101 (61.38%) of CM, 75/98 (76.53%) of EM, and 5/97 (4.12%) of HC [globally 147/296 (49.8%)]. Individually, PACAP performed the best for classifying clinical categories [global accuracy 150/296 (50.67%)]. In CM, neuropeptide levels were higher in those OnaBT-treated than in no-treated patients. Although interictal serum CGRP and VIP were higher in CM than both EM or HC, their utility to discriminate migraine categories was low. Contrary to other studies, PACAP serum levels were also higher in CM than in EM or HC and had more discriminative capability to distinguish CM from EM and HC. Further investigation is needed for determination technique standardization.

Evolución temporal de la incidencia por incapacidad temporal de origen común según tramos de duración (2009-2018) / Time series of non-work related sickness absence incidence by subgroups of duration (2009-2018)

OBJETIVO: Describir la evolución temporal (2009-2018) de la incidencia de la incapacidad temporal por contingencia común (ITCC) según tramos de duración en España. MÉTODOS: Se consideraron casos de ITCC de la población afiliada de una mutua laboral. Se obtuvo la incidencia global de la incapacidad temporal por ITCC y por tramos de duración. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de series temporales considerando un punto de inflexión en 2013. Se calculó el porcentaje de cambio anual e intervalo de confianza del 95%. Los análisis se estratificaron por edad y sexo. RESULTADOS: La incidencia global pasó de 35,3 casos por cada 100 trabajadores-año en 2009 a 25,2 en 2013. A partir del 2014 se observa un ascenso sostenido de la incidencia de ITCC, finalizando el 2018 con 34,1 casos por cada 100 trabajadores-año. La incidencia global está determinada fundamentalmente por procesos menores a 16 días en población joven. El descenso en 2009-2013 se produjo en todos los tramos de duración, en especial en 4 a 15 (PCA = -11,2; IC 95% = (-14,1 a -8,2)) y más de 90 días (PCA = -9,4; IC 95% = (-15,5 a -2,8)), principalmente en jóvenes. El ascenso en 2013-2018 se observó en todos los tramos, siendo el incremento más significativo en tramos de 1-3 días (trabajadores de menor edad: PCA = 18,9; IC 95% = (14,8 a 23,2)) y en más de 90 días (principalmente en mayores). CONCLUSIONES: La descripción temporal de la incidencia de ITCC por tramos de duración ofrece una información detallada de la incapacidad temporal

OBJECTIVE: We describe time trend incidence (2009-2018) of non-work related Sickness Absence (SA) segmented by duration of episodes in Spain. METHODS: We used SA cases from a health insurance company ("mutua") in Spain. Overall non-work related SA incidence and incidence by duration of episodes (1-3 days, 4-15 days, 16-30 days, 31-90 days and> 90 days) were obtained. A time series ecological study was carried out with an inflection point in 2013. The annual percentage of change and 95% confidence interval were obtained. The analyses were stratified by age and sex. RESULTS: Overall incidence went from 35.3 cases per 100 workers-years in 2009 to 25.2 in 2013. From 2014, there is a sustained rise in the incidence of ITCC, ending 2018 with 34.1 cases per 100 workers-years. The overall incidence is determined mainly by processes less than 16 days in young population. The decrease in 2009-2013 occurred in all the duration segments, especially in 4 to 15 (APC = -11,2; 95% CI = (-14,1 a -8,2)) and more than 90 days (APC = -9,4; 95% CI = (-15,5 a -2,8)), mainly in young people. The rise in 2013-2018 was observed in all the segments, with the largest significant increase in sections of 1-3 days (younger workers: APC = 18,9; 95% CI = (14,8 a 23,2)) and in more than 90 days (mainly in older ones). Time trend of SA showed similar pattern in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS:Time trend analysis of SA incidence by duration segments offers a detailed information of SA. These results are useful for professionals in the prevention and management of SA

Foraging strategy of a carnivorous-insectivorous raptor species based on prey size, capturability and nutritional components.

Optimal foraging theory has typically paid little attention to species feeding on mobile prey and has emphasised energy intake rather than the nutritional contribution of food. The difficulty of capturing food has rarely been included in foraging models, even when it is a potentially important modulator of time devoted to foraging. From the central place foraging and provisioning perspectives, it is posited that at high levels of prey selectivity, the time spent to capture prey is longer than at low levels of prey selectivity. Furthermore, in the case of carnivorous predators, it is thought that nutritional composition does not influence foraging strategies. To explore these issues, we investigated the influence of abundance, size, difficulty of capture, gross energy and nutritional composition (fat, protein, protein-fat ratio and amino acid contents) of prey species on the foraging behaviour of a predator species, the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus, in a region of high diversity of prey species. Our results show that capturability index and load-size explain the foraging behaviour of kestrels. Preferred prey take longer to be provisioned, both selectivity and capturability might explain this result. It is also shown that specific nutritional components, such as protein and amino acid contents, are likely to explain food preference in this carnivorous-insectivorous species.

[Time series of non-work related sickness absence incidence by subgroups of duration (2009-2018)]. / Evolución temporal de la incidencia por incapacidad temporal de origen común según tramos de duración (2009-2018).

OBJECTIVE: We describe time trend incidence (2009-2018) of non-work related Sickness Absence(SA) segmented by duration of episodes in Spain. METHODS: We used SA cases from a health insurance company ("mutua") in Spain. Overall non-work related SA incidence and incidence by duration of episodes (1-3 days, 4-15 days, 16-30 days, 31-90 days and> 90 days) were obtained. A time series ecological study was carried out with an inflection point in 2013. The annual percentage of change and 95% confidence interval were obtained. The analyses were stratified by age and sex. RESULTS: Overall incidence went from 35.3 cases per 100 workers-years in 2009 to 25.2 in 2013. From 2014, there is a sustained rise in the incidence of ITCC, ending 2018 with 34.1 cases per 100 workers-years. The overall incidence is determined mainly by processes less than 16 days in young population. The decrease in 2009-2013 occurred in all the duration segments, especially in 4 to 15 (APC=-11,2; 95% CI=(-14,1 a -8,2)) and more than 90 days (APC =-9,4; 95% CI =(-15,5 a -2,8)), mainly in young people. The rise in 2013-2018 was observed in all the segments, with the largest significant increase in sections of 1-3 days(younger workers: APC =18,9; 95% CI =(14,8 a 23,2)) and in more than 90 days (mainly in older ones). Time trend of SA showed similar pattern in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Time trend analysis of SA incidence by duration segments offers a detailed information of SA. These results are useful for professionals in the prevention and management of SA.

OBJETIVO: Describir la evolución temporal (2009-2018) de la incidencia de la incapacidad temporal por contingencia común (ITCC) según tramos de duración en España. MÉTODOS: Se consideraron casos de ITCC de la población afiliada de una mutua laboral. Se obtuvo la incidencia global de la incapacidad temporal por ITCC y por tramos de duración (1-3 días, 4-15 días, 16-30 días, 31-90 días y >90 días). Se realizó un estudio ecológico de series temporales considerando un punto de inflexión en 2013. Se calculó el porcentaje de cambio anual e intervalo de confianza del 95%. Los análisis se estratificaron por edad y sexo. RESULTADOS: La incidencia global pasó de 35,3 casos por cada 100 trabajadores-año en 2009 a 25,2 en 2013. A partir del 2014 se observa un ascenso sostenido de la incidencia de ITCC, finalizando el 2018 con 34,1 casos por cada 100 trabajadores-año. La incidencia global está determinada fundamentalmente por procesos menores a 16 días en población joven. El descenso en 2009-2013 se produjo en todos los tramos de duración, en especial en 4 a 15 (PCA=-11,2; IC 95%=(-14,1 a -8,2)) y más de 90 días (PCA=-9,4; IC 95%=(-15,5 a -2,8)), principalmente en jóvenes. El ascenso en 2013-2018 se observó en todos los tramos, siendo el incremento más significativo en tramos de 1-3 días (trabajadores de menor edad: PCA=18,9; IC 95%=(14,8 a 23,2)) y en más de 90 días (principalmente en mayores). La evolución de la ITCC presentó un patrón similar en ambos sexos. CONCLUSIONES: La descripción temporal de la incidencia de ITCC por tramos de duración ofrece una información detallada de la incapacidad temporal. Estos resultados son útiles para profesionales de la prevención y gestión de la ITCC.

Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Spanish Extra Virgin Olive Oil Regarding Cultivar, Harvest Year and Crop Stage.

The health benefits of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are related to its chemical composition and the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant compounds (pigments, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and phenolic compounds) and antioxidant properties of EVOO from the same region comparing different cultivars (Hojiblanca and Arbequina), harvest year and crop stage. Antioxidant properties of oils were studied before and after a gastrointestinal digestion process, by in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) and antioxidant markers in Caco-2 cells (reactive oxygen species production). The content of bioactive compounds measured was significantly affected by cultivar and harvest year (except for carotenoids) and by the crop stage (except for coenzyme Q10). Higher amounts of coenzyme Q10 were observed in Hojiblanca than in Arbequina EVOO. Total phenol content and antioxidant properties were also different depending on cultivar and harvest year and the in vitro digestion process strongly improved antioxidant marker values. Antioxidant potential in bioaccessible fractions was mainly related to the content of coenzyme Q10 and phenolic compounds in EVOO. Chemometric analysis showed that the oils were clearly classified by cultivars, harvest and crop stage, according to the chemical composition and antioxidant activity analyzed in the present study.

Genotype and dietary lysine deficiency affect carcass and muscle amino acid composition of pigs growing from 10 to 25 kg body weight.

Amino acid (AA) composition of body protein is considered constant although there are evidences that AA pattern in pigs may be altered by different factors. Pigs with different body composition and protein deposition rates-like fatty and lean pigs-may differ in AA composition, with possible consequences on their AA requirements. This work investigates effects of genotype and dietary lysine deficiency on AA composition of carcass and muscles of Iberian and Landrace × Large White pigs. Twenty-eight barrows (10 kg body weight [BW]), 14 from each breed, were used. They were randomly assigned to two experimental diets according to a factorial arrangement (two breeds × two diets). Diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (200 ± 1 g CP/kg dry matter (DM); 14.7 ± 0.1 MJ ME/kg DM) and with identical chemical composition except for lysine concentration (10.9 and 5.20 g lysine/kg DM, for lysine-adequate (AL) diet and lysine-deficient (DL) diet respectively). Pigs were individually housed, and daily feed allowance was adjusted on a weekly basis according to BW. Pigs were slaughtered at 25 kg BW. Isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine concentration were higher in carcass protein of Iberian pigs (p < .01). In longissimus muscle, higher concentration of arginine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine and valine (p < .001-p < .05), and lower of methionine (p < .001) were detected in Iberian pigs, whereas phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, threonine and methionine concentration decreased and arginine increased (p < .001-p < .05) when pigs were fed DL diet. Genotype and lysine deficiency effects were moderate in the AA composition of protein of biceps femoris muscle. The results show that AA proportions in protein of carcass and longissimus muscle can be influenced by pig genotype and conditions of lysine shortage. The biceps femoris muscle, with different functional and metabolic properties, shows more constant AA composition than longissimus, which seem to prevail independent from genotype or nutritional challenges.

Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Effects of Maternal Hydroxytyrosol Supplementation on Hepatic Fat Accretion and Energy and Fatty Acids Profile of Fetal Tissues.

Maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol present in olive leaves and fruits, is a highly promising strategy to improve the oxidative and metabolic status of fetuses at risk of intrauterine growth restriction, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-weight neonates. The present study aimed to determine whether hydroxytyrosol, by preventing lipid peroxidation, may influence the fat accretion and energy homeostasis in the liver, as well as the fatty acid composition in the liver and muscle. The results indicate that hydroxytyrosol treatment significantly decreased the energy content of the fetal liver, without affecting fat accretion, and caused significant changes in the availability of fatty acids. There were significant increases in the amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, which are highly important for adequate fetal tissue development. However, there were increases in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the desaturation index, which make further studies necessary to determine possible effects on the pro/anti-inflammatory status of the fetuses.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 5α,8α-Epidioxycholest-6-en-3ß-ol, a Steroidal Endoperoxide Isolated from Aplysia depilans, Based on Bioguided Fractionation and NMR Analysis.

Sea hares of Aplysia genus are recognized as a source of a diverse range of metabolites. 5α,8α-Endoperoxides belong to a group of oxidized sterols commonly found in marine organisms and display several bioactivities, including antimicrobial, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory properties. Herein we report the isolation of 5α,8α-epidioxycholest-6-en-3ß-ol (EnP(5,8)) from Aplysia depilans Gmelin, based on bioguided fractionation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, as well as the first disclosure of its anti-inflammatory properties. EnP(5,8) revealed capacity to decrease cellular nitric oxide (NO) levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by downregulation of the Nos2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) gene. Moreover, EnP(5,8) also inhibited the LPS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at the mRNA and protein levels. Mild selective inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity was also evidenced. Our findings provide evidence of EnP(5,8) as a potential lead drug molecule for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

Modelling Nutritional Requirements of Growing Pigs from Local Breeds Using InraPorc.

Models such as InraPorc enable the growth of pigs to be simulated and their nutrient requirements to be determined. However, so far, these models have not been applied to local breeds. We used InraPorc to determine the nutrient requirements of growing pigs from local breeds (H2020 European Union project TREASURE). Data on feed composition, allowance and intake, and body weight (BW) were obtained from literature reports or experiments conducted within the project. Data were used in InraPorc to calibrate 16 growth and intake profiles from nine breeds (Alentejana, Basque, Bísara, Apulo Calabrese, Cinta Senese, Iberian, Krskopolje pig, Mangalitsa, and Moravka), with one to three profiles per breed depending on the experimental conditions or data source. On the 40-100 kg BW range, mean protein deposition (PDm) was low for all breeds (below 116 g/d vs. over 130 g/d in conventional breeds). The age of pigs at 40 kg BW (110 to 206 days) denoted different types of feeding management in addition to genetic differences. The PDm and the lysine requirements were the highest in breeds with the highest average daily gain. In all breeds, a small proportion of total body energy retention was dedicated to protein, with the greatest proportion of energy retention in the form of lipids. Despite some methodological limitations, this study provides initial insights into the nutrient requirements of some local breeds.